Symphytum ibericum Steven: LC–HRMS/MS-based phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 4 Enzyme inhibitory activity of S. ibericum leaf and root extracts

Sample	AChE [mg GALAE/g]	BChE [mg GALAE/g]	Tyrosinase [mg KAE/g]	Amylase [mmol ACAE/g]	Glucosidase [mmol ACAE/g]
LC	2.76 ± 0.17^b	2.58 ± 0.19^e	31.79 ± 1.81^ef	0.49 ± 0.01^bc	0.77 ± 0.04^e
LA	2.41 ± 0.25^c	3.76 ± 0.49^cd	33.60 ± 1.76^de	0.51 ± 0.01^ab	0.77 ± 0.02^e
LE100	3.32 ± 0.12^a	5.85 ± 0.16^b	51.05 ± 3.96^b	0.53 ± 0.02^a	0.85 ± 0.01^d
LE75	1.95 ± 0.01^d	1.16 ± 0.12^gh	23.19 ± 1.42^h	0.29 ± 0.02^gh	0.39 ± 0.02^f
LE50	2.07 ± 0.07^d	1.48 ± 0.03^gh	26.92 ± 0.30^fgh	0.32 ± 0.01^g	0.97 ± 0.00^a
LE25	1.43 ± 0.05^e	2.36 ± 0.11^e	24.78 ± 1.72^gh	0.44 ± 0.00^de	n.a
LW	n.a	n.a	n.a	0.29 ± 0.00^gh	0.97 ± 0.00^ab
RC	2.22 ± 0.14^cd	4.42 ± 0.35^c	45.26 ± 0.48^c	0.42 ± 0.01^e	0.93 ± 0.00^bc
RA	0.82 ± 0.05^f	0.88 ± 0.06^h	38.58 ± 3.83^d	0.43 ± 0.02^e	0.91 ± 0.00^c
RE100	2.77 ± 0.09^b	7.51 ± 0.42^a	61.94 ± 2.86^a	0.47 ± 0.01^cd	0.81 ± 0.01^de
RE75	3.05 ± 0.05^ab	3.24 ± 0.17^d	30.36 ± 0.34^efg	0.27 ± 0.02^h	n.a
RE50	1.97 ± 0.03^d	2.31 ± 0.12^ef	21.84 ± 0.21^h	0.29 ± 0.01^gh	n.a
RE25	0.32 ± 0.03^g	1.65 ± 0.13^fg	n.a	0.36 ± 0.01^f	0.97 ± 0.00^a
RW	n.a	n.a	n.a	0.30 ± 0.00^gh	0.97 ± 0.00^ab

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three determinations; different superscript letters within columns indicate significant differences between the tested extracts (P < 0.05)
ACAE acarbose equivalents, AChE acetylcholinesterase, BChE butyrylcholinesterase, GALAE galanthamine equivalents, KAE kojic acid equivalents, LA acetone leaf extract, LC chloroform leaf extract, LE100 ethanol leaf extract, LE25 25% ethanol leaf extract, LE50 50% ethanol leaf extract, LE75 75% ethanol leaf extract, LW water leaf extract, n.a. not active, RA acetone root extract, RC chloroform root extract, RE100 ethanol root extract, RE25 25% ethanol root extract, RE50 50% ethanol root extract, RE75 75% ethanol root extract, RW water leaf extract