Fig. 4From: Optimizing ethyl formate fumigation in greenhouse cucurbit crops for efficient control of major agricultural pests, Myzus persicae and Thrips palmiPhytotoxic effect of ethyl formate (EF) on the tested crops each at flowering stage under laboratory condition. a Photographs of growing plants after EF fumigation at 7 days post-fumigation (dpf) with a loading ratio (w/v) of 1%. Each CT value was shown in Additional file 1: Table S3. b DAB (3, 3'-diaminobenzidine) staining for localization of production of H2O2 by EF at 0 (immediately) hour post-fumigation. Triangle (▲) indicated an observed phytotoxic effect point. c Chlorophyll contents (SPAD unit) and fresh weight of each group with 20 different points at 21 dpf. Different letters above symbols indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) as determined using a one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test (a > b)Back to article page