Fig. 5

CFCS and AgNPs protect kiwifruit leaves from infection by Psa strain T6-1. a Representative kiwifruit leaves under different treatments. Bacterial suspension (0.6 mL of 5 × 10⁸ CFU∙mL⁻¹) containing 3 × 10⁸ Psa cells was sprayed over each leaf. Leaves sprayed with sterile water were used as non-inoculated control. CFCS containing the AgNP product (CFCS + AgNPs) and culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain A3 containing the AgNP product (Culture + AgNPs) were diluted 20 and 200 times (containing about 0.01 mM AgNPs) with sterile water and 1 mL of each dilution was sprayed over the inoculated leaves. Inoculated leaves sprayed with sterile water were used as inoculated control. b 7 days after inoculation, percentage of lesion area in leaves was calculated using ImageJ. c Lesion index (%) is the percentage of lesion area comparing with that in the inoculated control leaves, which is set to 100%. Data are presented as mean values with standard deviation (vertical bars); the different letters on the vertical bars indicate significant difference between treatments according to one-way analysis of variance at the significance level p < 0.05