Biodynamic, organic and integrated agriculture effects on cv. Italia table grapes juice, over a 3-year period experiment: an 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics study

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 1 Summary of treatments indicated by supplier farms on questionnaires

Management practices	Biodynamic agriculture	Organic agriculture	Integrated agriculture
Perennial cover crop	• Soil grassed by spontaneous plants • Diverse cover crop mixture (Wolff mixture)	None, field treated with ploughing	None, field treated with herbicides and ploughing
Annual cover crop	• Soil grassed by spontaneous plants • Diverse cover crop mixture	None, field treated with ploughing	None, field treated with ploughing
Under-vine management	Mowing grass	Ploughing	• Herbicides • Ploughing
Fertilization method	• Compost with biodynamic preparations • Compost from manure (approximately 15 m³/ha every 3 years)	• Ploughing up cover crop • Compost from manure • Commercial compost	• Mineral fertilizers • Synthetic fertilizers • Commercial compost
Plant protection	• Sulphur • Plant strengtheners • Bacillus thuringiensis	• Copper • Wettable sulphur • Plant strengtheners • Spinosad • Bacillus thuringiensis	• Systemic fungicides • Wettable sulphur • Rufast • Tracer • Topas
Biodynamic preparations*	• n. 500 • n. 500P • n. 501 • n. 502–507 • Compost	None	None

^*Biodynamic preparations listed in questionnaires referred to Santoni et al. [53]