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Table 4 Metabolites observed in the fennel BSG, FPR, and LPR extracts and their1H NMR chemical shifts (δ)

From: Extraction and characterization of bio-effectors from agro-food processing by-products as plant growth promoters

Metabolites

BSG

FPR

LPR

δ

Isoleucine

x

x

 

0.93 [7]a (t), 1.00 [7] (d)

Leucine

x

  

0.94 [7] (d), 0.96 [7] (d)

Valine

x

x

 

0.98 [7] (d), 1.03 [7] (d), 2.26 (m)

Isobutyrate

x

x

x

1.13 [6.5] (d)

3-Hydroxybutirate

x

  

1.21 [6.4] (d)

Lactate

x

x

x

1,35 [7] (d), 4.12 [7] (q)

Alanine

x

x

x

1.48 [7.2] (d), 3.78 [7.2] (q)

Proline

 

x

 

2.03 (m), 2.36 (m), 3.36 (m), 4.12 (m)

Glutamate

 

x

 

2.00 (m), 2.08 (m), 2.35 (m)

Glutamine

 

x

 

2.13 (m), 2.41 (m), 3.77 (m)

Methionine

  

x

2.15 (s)

Pyruvate

x

  

2.36 (s)

Methylamine

x

 

x

2.54 (s)

Dimethylamine

x

 

x

2.72 (s)

Trimethylamine

x

 

x

2.81 (s)

Asparagine

 

x

 

2.89 (m), 2.96 (m)

Choline

x

x

x

3.20 (s)

Taurine

x

x

 

3.26 (t), 3.41 (t)

Methoxy group

  

x

3.83 (s)

β-Cellobiose

x

x

 

4.48 [8] (d)

β-Galactose

  

x

4.52 [7.8] (d)

β-Glucose

x

x

x

4.65 [7.9] (d)

α-Cellobiose

x

x

 

5.20 [3.6] (d)

α-Glucose

x

x

x

5.25 [3.7] (d)

α-Galactose

  

x

5.27 [3.7] (d)

Sucrose

x

x

x

5.42 [3.8] (d)

Fumaric acid

x

x

 

6.56 (s)

Tyrosine

x

x

x

6.88 [8.6] (d), 7.17 [8.6] (d)

Phenylalanine

x

x

 

7.33 (m), 7.38 (m), 7.43 (m)

Formiate

  

x

8.43 (s)

Flavonoids (aromatic signals)

  

x

6.5 to 9.0 range

  1. aValues of JH,H [square brackets] are given when assignable. BSG, brewers spent grain; FPR, fennel processing residues; LPR, lemon processing residues.