Table 2 Influence of carbon-based nanomaterials on plant growth and development
Plant species | Type of nanomaterial | Size of NPs | Concentration | Growth medium/substrate | Exposure duration | Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cabbage, carrot, | SWCNT, fSWCNT | Ø 3 nm | 28, 160, 900, 5000 mg L−1 | DI water | 2–3 days | No effect | [125] |
Cucumber, onion, | SWCNTfSWCNT | Ø 3 nm | 28, 160, 900, 5000 mg L−1 | DI water | 2–3 days | Enhanced root elongation | [125] |
Arabidopsis, rice | SWCNTs | Ø 1–2 nm L 5–30 µm | 5–250 mg L−1 | Cell culture | 6–72 h | Cell aggregation, chromatin condensation, plasma membrane deposition, H2O2 accumulation. | [149] |
Tomato lettuce, | SWCNT, fSWCNT | Ø 3 nm | 28, 160, 900, 5000 mg L−1 | DI water | 2–3 days | Inhibited root elongation | [125] |
Tomato | SWCNTs | Ø 0.86–2.22 nm | 50 mg L−1 | MS medium | 10 days | Increased fresh and dry plant biomass | [151] |
Maize | MWCNTs | Ø 6–9 nm L 5 µm | 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 mg L−1 | Nutrient agar medium | 7 days | At 20 mg L−1 increased dry weight and Ca, Fe concentration. At high dose: depressed growth | [127] |
Barley, maize, soybean | MWCNTs | na | 50, 100, 200 mg L−1 | MS medium | 10 days | Increased leave length and biomass in maize, increased root length in soybean | [128] |
Tomato | MWCNTs | na | 10, 20, 40 mg L−1 | MS medium | 20 days | Increased stem length, biomass | [154] |
Wheat, rapeseed | MWCNTs | Ø 42.2 nm | 1000 mg L−1 | Hydroponic | 7 days | No impact on development; uptake by roots and translocation to leaves | [171] |
Wheat,rape seed | MWCNTs | Ø 10–150 nm | 1000 mg L−1 | Ultrapure water | 7 days | No effect on development | [194] |
Arabidopsis | MWCNTs | Ø 9.5 nm L 1.5 µm | 10, 60, 100, 600 mg L−1 | Cell culture | 7 days | Decreased cell dry weight, cell viabilities, cell chlorophyll content, and superoxide dismutase activities | [163] |
Satureja | MWCNTs | Ø < 50 nm | 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 mg L−1 | Cell culture | 3 weeks | Increased callus growth | [195] |
Wheat, maize, peanut, garlic | ws MWCNTs | Ø 10–20 nm L 10–30 µm | 20, 50 mg L−1 | DI water | 5–10 days | Root and shoot elongation | [191] |
Tomato | MWCNTs | Ø 25 nm |  | MS medium,later soil | 9 weeks | Enhanced growth, flower and fruit number formation | [167] |
Tomato | MWCNTs | Ø 10–35 nm L 6 µm | 50, 100, 200 mg L−1 | MS medium | 10 days | Increased total biomass, up-regulation of stress-related genes; penetration into roots, leaves, and fruits | [151] |
Red spinach | MWCNTs | Ø 11 nm L > 1 µm | 125–1000 mg L−1 | Modified Hoagland medium | 15 days | Inhibited root and shoot elongation, reduced weight, leaf area, enhanced electrolyte damage and ROS | [122] |
Onion | MWCNTs | Ø 7−15 nm L 0.5−200 µm | 5, 20, 50 mg L−1 | Filter sterilized water | 24 h | DNA damage | [120] |
Onion | MWCNTs | na | 5 and 10 mg L−1 | Filter sterilized water | 24 h | DNA damage | [119] |
Cucumber, rice, lettuce, red spinach | MWCNTs | Ø 13 nm L > 1 µm | 20, 200, 1000, 2000 mg L−1 | Modified Hoagland medium (hydroponic) | 15 days | Decreased shoot length, biomass, increased membrane leakage | [124] |
Zucchini | MWCNTs | Ø 13–16 nm L 1–10 µm | 1000 mg L−1 | Hoagland medium | 12 days | Reduced biomass | [126] |
Rice | MWCNTs | Â | na | Cell culture | Â | Decreased cell density | [196] |
Rice | MWCNTs | Ø < 10 nm L 5–15 µm | 20 mg L−1 | Cell culture MS medium | 6 days | Decreased cell viability, increased ROS | [164] |
Maize, soybean | MWCNTs |  | 10–50 mg L−1 | Hoagland solution | 18 days | Stimulated growth of maize, inhibited growth of soybean; uptake and translocation | [129] |
Wheat | oMWCNTs | Ø 6–13 nm L 2.5–20 µm | 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg L−1 | DI water | 7 days | Increased cell elongation in roots, root length, biomass | [159] |
Common gram | ws CNTs | Ø 10–50 nm | 6.0 mg L−1 | Water | 10 days | Increased growth rate | [197] |
Tobacco | CNPs | na | 25,75, 125 mg pot−1 | na | na | Increased plant height, leaf area, dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll, soluble protein, N and K contents | [198] |
Arabidopsis | CNTs | na | na | Basal salt medium | na | Reduced photosynthesis, transpiration, carbon gain, chlorophyll fluorescence | [199] |
Rice | MWCNTs Fullerene C70 | Ø 5–40 nm L 0.5–2 µm | 2.5–800 mg L−1 | NOM suspension | 2 weeks | MWCNTs: insignificant uptake C70: uptake, accumulation and translocation within the plant | [145] |
Radish | Fullerene C60 | – | – | Sand substrate and hydroponic | 2 weeks | Uptake by plants and transportation | [146] |
Pumpkin | Fullerene C60 | – | 1670 mg kg−1 soil | Sandy loam soil with DDT residues | 21 days | Increased shoot mass and decreased root mass | [139] |
Green algae, arabidopsis | Fullerols | – | 0.001–20 mg L−1 1–200 mg L−1 | Cell culture | 96 h | Increased the algal culture density; enhanced growth in Arabidopsis | [142] |
Bitter melon | Fullerols | – | 0.943, 4.72, 9.43, 10.88, 47.2 nM | Milli-Q water | 48 h | Increased fruit length, number, weight and phytomedicines content | [143] |
Tobacco | Nano-carbon sol | na | 5–20 mg L−1 | Water culture | na | Increased biomass, nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium content | [200] |
Tobacco | Nano-carbon sol | na | 5–10, 10–20 mg L−1 | Water culture | na | Promoted root growth, increased shoot and root biomass and improved potassium content | [201] |
Faba bean | GO | 0.5–5 μm | 400, 800 mg L−1 | DI water | na | Decreased levels of H2O2, and lipid and protein oxidation, and enhanced H2O2 decomposing enzymes; increased proline and seed-relative water content | [177] |
Faba bean | GO | 0.5–5 μm | 400, 800 mg L−1 | DI water | na | Increased ratio of the reduced glutathione (GSH)-to oxidized GSH, reduced GSH pool and GSH reductase activity, decreased activities of GSH-metabolizing enzymes | [176] |
Faba bean | GO | 0.5–5 μm | 100, 200, 1600 mg L−1 | DI water | na | Reduced growth, reduced activity of H2O2-decomposing enzymes; increased levels of electrolyte leakage, H2O2, and lipid and protein oxidation | [177] |
Faba bean | GO | 0.5–5 μm | 100, 200, 1600 mg L−1 | DI water | na | Decreased (GSH) redox ratio, reduced GSH pool, elevated activities of GSH-regenerating and GSH-metabolizing enzymes | [176] |
Wheat | GO | na | 0.1–10 mg L−1 | Water | na | GO amplifies phytotoxicity of arsenic (As) | [179] |
Cabbage, tomato, red spinach, lettuce | Graphene | na | 500, 1000, 2000 mg L−1 | Modified Hoagland medium | 20 days | Inhibited plant growth and biomass | [175] |
Tomato | Graphene | na | 40 mg L−1 | DI water | 11 days | Longer roots and shoots, but reduced biomass | [172] |
Rice | Graphene | na | 5, 50, 100, 200 mg L−1 | na | 16 days | At 5 mg L−1: improved seedling growth, at higher concentration: inhibited growth | [173] |