Plant–Rhizobium symbiosis, seed nutraceuticals, and waste quality for energy production of Vicia faba L. as affected by crop management

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 2 Effects of farming system and planting time on the quality of broad bean seeds

Treatment	DR	SS	Fiber^a (mg g⁻¹)	TP^a (mg g⁻¹)	PP^a (mg g⁻¹)	AA^a (mg g⁻¹)
Treatment	mg g⁻¹	°Brix	Fiber^a (mg g⁻¹)	TP^a (mg g⁻¹)	PP^a (mg g⁻¹)	AA^a (mg g⁻¹)
Farming system
Open field	190	8.5	218	269	30.1	0.769
Greenhouse	193n.s.	8.9n.s.	240*	303*	25.4*	0.489*
Planting time
27 September	171d	8.4c	220b	265c	31.7a	0.542c
11 October	181c	8.6bc	222b	280bc	31.6a	0.594b
25 October	197b	8.8ab	229ab	285b	25.8b	0.656a
8 November	200b	8.9ab	235a	293ab	25.7b	0.663a
22 November	209a	9.0a	239a	308a	24.5b	0.687a

DR dry residue, SS soluble solids, fiber, TP total proteins, PP polyphenols, AA ascorbic acid, n.s. not statistically significant difference
* Significant difference at p ≤ 0.05. Within each column, values followed by different letters are significantly different according to the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05
^aOn dry weight basis