Plant–Rhizobium symbiosis, seed nutraceuticals, and waste quality for energy production of Vicia faba L. as affected by crop management

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 3 Effects of farming system and planting time on yield and chemical composition of broad bean residual biomass on dry weight basis

Treatment	Yield (Mg ha⁻¹)	Lignin (%)	Total cellulose (%)	Crystalline cellulose (%)	Hemicellulose (%)	Pectin (%)
Farming system
Open field	10.6	15.3	46.0	12.0	13.9	12.5
Greenhouse	9.0*	16.4*	44.5*	12.0n.s.	15.1*	13.4*
Planting time
27 September	8.8c	17.7a	41.1d	10.9d	14.9	14.1a
11 October	10.1b	17.2a	42.7c	11.3cd	14.6	13.7ab
25 October	11.4a	16.1b	45.9b	12.0bc	14.5	13.2b
8 November	11.9a	14.5c	47.8a	12.8ab	14.3	12.4c
22 November	7.0d	13.7c	48.7a	13.0a	14.2n.s.	11.5d

Within each column, values followed by different letters are significantly different according to the Duncan test at p ≤ 0.05
* Significant difference at p ≤ 0.05