Salinity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Osmoprotection/osmotic adjustment | Antioxidant activity | Ionic balance | Water efficiency use | References |
Proline; sugars, phenols | – | ✔ | – | [15] |
Proline, sugars, | CAT, SOD; ascorbic acids | ✔ | ✔ | [16] |
Soluble protein | CAT, POX | ✔ | – | [17] |
Soluble sugars, proline | CAT, SOD, GPOX; ascorbic acid, glut, TOC | ✔ |  | [18] |
Soluble sugars |  | ✔ | – | [19] |
Pigments | Ascorbic acid, phenols, anthocyanins | ✔ | ✔ RWC | [20] |
Proline | SOD, CAT, POX | – | – | [21] |
– | – | ✔ |  | [22] |
Pigments | – | ✔ |  | [23] |
MDA, proline, H2O2 | SOD, POD, CAT | ✔ | ✔ | [24] |
– | – | ✔ |  | [25] |
MDA. H2O2 | SOD, APX, GST | Â | Â | [26] |
Proline, free sugars |  | ✔ | ✔ | [27] |
Heavy metal stress | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stress marker | Antioxidant activity | Uptake | Toxicity | References |
Proline | CAT, SOD, POX | – | Fe | [28] |
CAT, SOD, POX | – | Pb | [29] | |
SOD, CAT | + | Cd | [30] | |
SOD, POX | – | Cd | [31] | |
Protective DNA activity | Â | Â | Mn | [32] |
 | + or − according HA concentration | Cd | [33] | |
Decrease on H2O2 production and lipid peroxidation |  | – | Pb | [34] |
Proline. MAD | SOD, CAT, GPOX, GST | Â | Cu, Cd | [35] |
 | – | Pb, Cd | [36] | |
Sugars, soluble proteins RWC |  | – | Cd | [37] |
 | Decrease | Cd | [38] |
Drought | |||
---|---|---|---|
Osmoprotection/osmotic adjustment | Antioxidant activity | Water efficiency use | References |
– | – | Improve net photosynthesis | [39] |
Changes in metabolic profile | CAT, POX and SOD | RWC | [40] |
Proline, vitamin C | CAT, POX | RWC and (WEU) | [41] |
Decrease of MDA; proline | Enhancement of CAT, POX, APX | Â | [42] |
MDA | Enzymatic: POX; decrease of H2O2 content | Enhance of aquaporins gene expression (TIPS) | [43] |
Proline, | Enzymatic: POX; decrease of H2O2 content | Â | [44] |