Biochar improves soil physical characteristics and strengthens root architecture in Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia L.)

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 2 Soil properties measured from remaining soil after harvesting

Biochar rate %	Water-holding capacity (%)^a	Bulk density (g cm⁻³)	Total porosity (%)
0	28	1.47	45
5	34	1.21	54
10	40	1.08	60
15	46	1.02	62
20	52	0.88	67

^aWater-holding capacity (WHC) (n = 3) and bulk density were determined from unsieved soil samples at the end of the experiment. Total porosity was calculated from bulk densities assuming a 2.66 g/cm³ particle density for soil minerals. Three replicate samples from the pool of each treatment were used to determine statistical uncertainty