Table 3 Percentage pupal weight reduction by nanoformulation treatment against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura by topical application method

Control

0^a,z

0^a,z

0^a,z

0^a,z

0^a,z

STD

88.26 ± 1.36^a,xy

80.71 ± 2.75^b,x

70.30 ± 7.22^c,wx

67.69 ± 2.88 ^cd,wxy

62.04 ± 2.53^d,vwx

NF1

79.88 ± 5.85^a,w

77.83 ± 4.12^a,x

73.32 ± 7.84^ab,xy

65.51 ± 1.89^bc,vwx

59.25 ± 2.39^c,uv

1

67.51 ± 5.97^a,v

62.44 ± 1.91^ab,w

60.05 ± 5.96^abc,w

56.52 ± 2.9^bc,u

53.62 ± 4.71^c,u

NF2

86.79 ± 3.28^a,wxy

80.49 ± 3.38^ab,x

73.04 ± 7.42^bc,xy

65.28 ± 5.43 ^cd,uvwx

60.06 ± 3.07^d,uvw

NF3

82.14 ± 4.90^a,wx

80.52 ± 3.88^a,x

76.81 ± 5.32^a,xy

65.14 ± 3.09^b,uvwx

60.46 ± 2.88^b,vw

NF4

100^c,u

76.36 ± 5.13^a,x

72.23 ± 3.11^a,xy

61.91 ± 6.42^b,uvwx

58.13 ± 4.68^b,uv

NF5

79.21 ± 3.72^a,w

77.04 ± 4.90^ab,x

70.78 ± 4.63^b,wx

59.69 ± 1.56^c,uvw

56.48 ± 2.51^c,uv

NF6

100^c,u

73.96 ± 7.91^a,x

71.01 ± 7.52^ab,wx

62.61 ± 8.28^b,uvwx

67.52 ± 3.29^ab,xy

NF7

90.46 ± 5.17^a,y

89.17 ± 2.10^a,y

82.33 ± 4.87^b,y

75.40 ± 2.97^bc,y

68.99 ± 2.44^c,y

7

68.29 ± 6.19^a,v

64.23 ± 3.12^ab,w

60.28 ± 5.20^abc,w

58.59 ± 6.34^bc,uv

53.83 ± 2.90^c,u

NF8

81.79 ± 3.31^a,wx

79.38 ± 2.42^ab,x

74.69 ± 3.98^bc,xy

69.73 ± 3.86 ^cd,xy

65.75 ± 4.95^d,wxy