Toxicity of isolated phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus L. to control Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 4 Detoxification enzyme activities¹ of second instar S. litura larvae after treatment with the crude extract and the isolated phenolic compounds from A. calamus at the median lethal dose

	Carboxylesterase^c	Effect	Glutathione-S-transferase³	Effect
Control⁴	776.60 ± 25.40a	–	4.98 ± 0.001e	–
A. calamus crude extract	780.97 ± 31.51a	No effect	8.20 ± 0.003a	Induction
Pachypophyllin	739.63 ± 66.32b	Reduction	6.06 ± 0.002d	Induction
Galangin	553.21 ± 15.80d	Reduction	7.46 ± 0.005b	Induction
Chrysin	631.85 ± 19.42c	Reduction	6.30 ± 0.001c	Induction
4-Hydroxyacetophenone	657.85 ± 94.16c	Reduction	7.06 ± 0.002d	Induction

¹In all experiments, the mean values followed by the same letter within the same column are not significantly different using Tukey’s HSD test (P > 0.05). In each experiment, 30 larvae/treatment in five replicates were used (n = 150 per treatment)
²Carboxylesterase activity ± SE (nM p-nitrophenol/min/mg protein)
³Glutathione-S-transferase activity ± SE (× 10^–3 CDNB conjugated product/mg protein/min)
⁴Control is treatment with acetone only