Plate 1

I–XII show the effect of 3 h of treatment with each of three nanostructures prepared via Gamma irradiation on Vicia faba root tip meristems. I–IV: Vicia faba root tip meristems after 3 h of treatment with PVP + ZnSO₄: disturbed anaphase after treatment with 1% (I), disturbed anaphase with sticky ended chromosomes after treatment with 2% of nano ZnO (II), clumped metaphase after treatment with 1% of nano ZnO (III) and disturbed prophase after treatment with 0.5% (IV). V–VIII: Vicia faba root tip meristems after 3 h of treatment with PVP + glycerol+ H₃PO₄: disturbed prophase after treatment with 2% of nano P (V), disturbed metaphase with sticky and contracted chromosome after treatment with 2% of nano P (VI), pro-metaphase after treatment with 1% (VII) and Sticky metaphase after treatment with 1% of nano P (VIII). IX–XII: Vicia faba root tip meristems after 3 h of treatment with PVP + Glycerol + ZnSO₄ + H₃PO₄: disturbed prophase, sticky pro-metaphase after treatment with 2% (IX), sticky telophase after treatment with 1% (X), sticky anaphase, anaphase with structural bridges after treatment with 0.5% (XI) and disturbed prophase after treatment with 0.5% (XII)