Enhancing biosynthesis and bioactivity of Trachyspermum ammi seed essential oil in response to drought and Azotobacter chroococcum stimulation

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 1 Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the essential oil of T. ammi seed under different treatments

Samples	Seeds essential oil (%)	Phenolic Content 1 (mg/g)	Flavonoid Content 2 (mg/g)
T1	1.9^e ± 0.14	14.6^e ± 0.85	2.6^e ± 0.54
T2	2.2^d ± 0.08	15.3^d ± 0.92	3.7^d ± 0.68
T3	2.8^b ± 0.05	16.4^c ± 0.51	4.3^c ± 0.75
T4	2.5^c ± 0.07	18.5^b ± 0.24	5.1^b ± 0.54
T5	3.1^a ± 0.11	20.1^a ± 0.28	6.4^a ± 1.02
T6	2.6^c ± 0.05	18.8^b ± 0.71	5.3^b ± 0.12
SEM	0.09	0.16	0.11

1 mg gallic acid equivalent/g essential oil; 2 mg rutin equivalent/g essential oil
Means with different letters in the same columns show significant differences at p < 0.05
T1: control (Irrigation at 100% filed capacity), T2: T. ammi treated by A. chroococcum bacteria (Irrigation at 100% filed capacity), T3: T. ammi under slight drought stress (Irrigation at 80% filed capacity), T4: T. ammi under moderate drought stress (Irrigation at 60% filed capacity), T5: T. ammi treated by A. chroococcum bacteria under slight drought stress (Irrigation at 80% field capacity), T6: T. ammi treated by A. chroococcum bacteria under moderate drought stress (irrigation at 60% field capacity)