Type of soil and location | Analyte | Extraction procedure | Clean-up procedure | Analytical methods | Recovery | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandy silty clay soil, local field, Hérault, France | Diclofenac | The extraction was in accordance with Montemurro et al. [45] that tested different levels of acidification of the extraction solvent with formic acid (0.5 and 1%) or ammonium acetate | 50 mg PSA, 150 mg C18, 900 mg MgSO4. Acidification was also evaluated after the cleaning phase by adding 0.05% formic acid | SCIEX ExionLC™ AD system coupled with the SCIEX X500R QTOF system (Sciex, Redwood city, CA, U.S.) with Turbo V™ source and Electrospray Ionization (ESI) operating in positive and negative mode | 1–30 ng g−1 | [46] |
Carbamazepine | ||||||
Metoprolol | ||||||
Clarithromycin | ||||||
Climbazole | ||||||
Clay-loam soil not treated with manure or sludge, location not specified | Carbamazepinea | 5 g of soil were spiked at 50 ng/g with MeOH solution containing 31 contaminants. 15 mL of ACN were added to the tube and the AOC acetate buffer was used in the extraction phase | Two steps of clean-up: SAX cartridge and Strata-X cartridge after conditioning the cartridges themselves with MeOH and 0.04 M citric acid | HP1100 chromatographic system. The LC system was coupled to a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer 3200 QTrap with an electrospray ion (ESI) source (TurboV, AB Sciex) | > 90% | |
Agricultural soils, location not specified | Clarithromycin | 1 g of soil was extracted with ACN acidified or not with acetic acid; 6 g of Na2SO4 as separation salt with or without NaOAc | 50 mg PSA, 150 mg C18 sorbent and 900 mg of Na2SO4 | Ultra-High-Performance-Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) Acquity system coupled to a 5500 QTRAP hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometer (QqLIT AB Sciex, Foster City, CA, USA) | 90.2–103.1% for clarithromycin n.r.-144.7% for tetracycline according to the different solvents and salts adopted | [44] |
Tetracycline | ||||||
Soils collected in 29 different points homogenously distributed along the Turia River (Central East of Spain) | Diclofenac Gemfibrozil | 1 g of soil was extracted with ACN, and 6 g MgSO4, 1.5 g NaCl, 1.5 g C6H5Na3O7 * 2 H2O, and 0.75 g [HOC(COOH) (CH2COONa)2 1.5 H2O] were added as salts | 50 mg PSA, 150 mg anhydrous MgSO4, and 50 mg of C18 | 1260 Infinity Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph (UHPLC) system coupled to a 6410 Triple Quad Mass Spectrometry from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA) to perform tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and an electrospray ionization source in both ion modes | Between 31 and 88% | [47] |
Carbamazepine | ||||||
Clarithromycin Metoprolol | ||||||
Tetracycline | ||||||
Diclofenac Gemfibrozil | ||||||
Agricultural soils (tomatoes), Almeria (Spain) | Carbamazepinea | 10 g of soil were extracted with acidified ACN (0.5% v/v, formic acid). 4 g of anhydrous MgSO4, 1 g of Na3Citrate·2H2O, 1 g of NaCl and 0.5 g of Na2HCitrate·1,5H2O were added as salts | 750 mg of anhydrous MgSO4, and 125 mg of C18 | A Sciex Exion HPLC coupled to a Sciex 6500 + Triple Quad-LC–MS/MS from Sciex | 79–88% for carbamazepine, 76–79% for gemfibrozil, 86–99% for diclofenac, according to the different concentrations | |
Gemfibrozila | ||||||
Diclofenaca | ||||||
Agriculture field (0–20 cm) in Tianjin, China | Clarithromycina | 5 g of soils were extracted with Na2EDTA, ACN, and phosphate, acetate or citrate buffer, and NaCl as salt | d-SPE adsorbents (25 mg of PSA,10 mg of C18, and 100 mg of MgSO4) | UHPLC–MS/MS consisted of a Waters Acquity UPLCTM (Waters, USA) equipped with an ACQUITY UPLC BEHTMC18column (1.8 μm; 2.1 mm × 100 mm) | 103.9–113.8%, according to the different buffers | [49] |