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Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
Fig. 4 | Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Fig. 4

From: Reduced graphene oxide-based nanometal-composite containing copper and silver nanoparticles protect tomato and pepper against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria infection

Fig. 4

Representation of the scale used for symptoms of black spot evaluation in the greenhouse experiment on pepper plants. 0—healthy leaves without symptoms (A–B), 1—low occurrence of symptoms (C–D), 2—1/3 of the leaf surface infected (E–F), 3—high symptoms occurrence (more than 1/3 of the leaf surface infected) (G–H). Representation of the scale used for symptoms of black spot evaluation in the greenhouse experiment on tomato plants. 0—healthy leaves without symptoms (I–J), 1—low occurrence of symptoms (K–L), 2—1/3 of the leaf surface infected (M–N), 3—high symptoms occurrence (more than 1/3 of the leaf surface infected) (O–P). Severity of black spot disease symptoms on tomato (Q) and pepper (R) plants. Statistical differences were proven for all means of disease severity on both the 7th and 14th days after inoculation (DAI) (Duncan’s test, p ≤ 0.05). The error bar represents the standard error of the mean. Gene expression in tomato plants (S) (PR1-pathogenesis-related protein 1; polyphenol oxidase precursor; CAT-catalase, PRQb- class III basic β-1,3-glucanase, class III acidic β-1,3-glucanase-TomQ’a). Different letters above the bars indicate statistically significant differences among treatments (single-factor ANOVA, p < 0.05; Tukey’s test, p < 0.05)

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