An optimized biofumigant improves pepper yield without exerting detrimental effects on soil microbial diversity

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 1 PERMANOVA analysis of the effects of biofumigant concentration and fumigation duration on bacterial and fungal community composition structure based on weighted uniFrac distance

Source of variation	df	16S	R²	ITS	R²
Source of variation	df	F.Model	R²	F.Model	R²
Concentration	4	3.91	0.36^c	30.03	0.77^c
Incubation period	1	2.49	0.06^b	5.64	0.04^b
Concentration ^a Incubation period	4	1.42	0.13^a	2.67	0.07^a
Residuals	20		0.45		0.128
Total	29		1.00		1.00

PERMANOVA: permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Incubation time: 2–4 weeks of biofumigant amendment to the soil. df: degree of freedom. 16S: bacterial community based on the V4–V5 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. ITS: fungal community based on the ITS1 region
^ap ≤ 0.05
^bp ≤ 0.01
^cp ≤ 0.001