Larvicidal activity of the black pepper, Piper nigrum (Fam: Piperaceae) extracts on the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus australis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 3 Larvicidal activity of different Piperaceae extracts against *Rhipicephalus microplus**

Piperaceae	Part of plant	Extract	Target	LC₅₀ (%)	LC₉₅ (%)	References
Piperaceae	Part of plant	Extract	Rhipicephalus microplus*	LC₅₀ (%)	LC₉₅ (%)	References
Piper amalago	Aerial parts	Essential oil	Larvae	0	–	[20]
Piper corcovadensis	Roots	Isolated piperovatine	Larvae	0.00517	–	[19]
Piper longum	Fruit	Ethanol	Larval of amitraz resistant strain	0.488	1.39	[28]
Piper mikanianum	Aerial parts	Essential oil	Larvae	0.233	–	[20]
Piper tuberculatum	Fruits	Hexane	Larvae	0.004	–	[10]
Piper tuberculatum	Fruits	Ethyl ether	Larvae	0.008	–	[10]
Piper tuberculatum	Fruits	Ethanol	Larvae	0.273	0,25–0,29	[10]
Piper tuberculatum	Fruits	Methanol	Larvae	0.449	–	[10]
Piper tuberculatum	Fruits	Ethanol	Larvae	0.36	–	[7]
Piper tuberculatum	Stems	Ethanol	Larvae	0.40	–	[7]
Piper tuberculatum	Leaves	Ethanol	Larvae	0.53	–	[7]
Piper xylosteoides	Aerial parts	Essential oil	Larvae	0.615	–	[20]

^*In New Caledonia, Rh. australis was synonymized with the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, until Rh. australis was reinstated as a separate cattle tick species in 2012