Panel test and chemical analyses of commercial olive oils: a comparative study

The quality grade of an olive oil is defined according to the results of analytical and organoleptic examinations.The increasing attention towards both olive oil quality and quality verification methods prompted us to undertake a “critical” analysis of analytical and sensory data supplied by an International Certificated Body (ICB), relative to commercial olive oils produced in Mediterranean areas and purchased in Italy and in USA. ICB data included chemical analyses namely free acidity, peroxide index, spectrophotometric UV evaluation, fatty acid ethyl esters and stigmadiens content and organoleptic evaluations carried out by nine official International Olive Council labs according to EEC Regulation 2568/91. The results of the chemical analyses, except the fatty acid ethyl ester content, obtained from the nine labs were consistent giving rise to the same quality grade. In nearly all samples, the fatty acid ethyl ester content was close to the threshold established for extra virgin olive oils indicating a non-excellent quality of the olive oils. Organoleptic evaluations, commonly called panel test, given by the nine labs were not consistent. The EEC Regulation 2568/91 does not give any indication on the way to report the uncertainty of the results, and in the case of extra virgin olive oils with a borderline value, the way to report the fatty acid ethyl ester content, with or without the uncertainty, can create confusion in defining the olive oil quality grade. Panel test seemed to work well only in the case of extremely good olive oils, whereas, in commercial extra virgin olive oils with borderline value of fatty acid ethyl ester content, a different sensory sensibility seems to be in the different IOC labs. Panel test and chemical analyses of commercial olive oils: a comparative study.


Background
EEC Regulation 2568/91 [1] and International Olive Council (IOC) [2] have established both analytical and organoleptic criteria to define the quality grade of an olive oil. According to the results of chemical and sensory analyses, an olive oil can be classified as extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), virgin olive oil or lampante olive oil. Each category has a completely different commercial and nutritional value. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a natural fruit juice with peculiar nutritional, healthy [3] and sensory [4] qualities as well as it represents a fundamental component of Mediterranean diet which is very rich in mono-unsaturated fatty acids [5] and polyphenols [6]. On the contrary, lampante olive oils have a distinctly unpleasant smell, are not edible and are used for the production of refined olive oils. It is well known that selling virgin olive oils or lampante olive oils as EVOOs is a fraud. However, another important aspect to consider is that the downgrading of an EVOO to a lower category implies a big economic loss for the producers. So, it is fundamental that both the chemical analyses and the organoleptic evaluations used to define quality grade are "sufficiently" objective and reproducible.
In this paper, a pilot analysis of data supplied by International Certificated Body, relative to 16 olive oils produced in the Mediterranean area, was carried out to verify reproducibility and consistency of chemical analyses and organoleptic evaluations and therefore to Open Access *Correspondence: luisa.mannina@uniroma1.it 1 Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article highlight possible problems relative to quality grade classification. ICB data, including chemical analyses and organoleptic evaluations, were produced by nine official IOC labs according to EEC Regulation 2568/91. The recent scandals involving Italian olive oils, such as the one revealed in the 'New York Times' [7], prompted us to include data from olive oils purchased not only in Italy, the largest consumer of EVOOs, but also in non-Mediterranean countries such as USA.

Methods
Olive oils (16 samples) of 2014/2015 harvest year were purchased in Italy and Miami (USA) by an International Certificated Body, a recognized EU company that deals with services of certification. ICB also verified the preparation of samples carried out according to EN ISO 5555 reported in EEC Regulation 2568/91, shipped olive oils to laboratories and released a report on all the activity. Samples were collected and labelled with an alphanumeric code without any reference to the origin country. Brands and the packaging places of olive oils were made purposely anonymous to avoid damage from a possible negative or defamatory propaganda.
Chemical analyses and organoleptic evaluation were carried out by nine recognized IOC laboratories, selected from the lists of IOC-recognized laboratories [8,9], see Additional file 1: Table S1, located in countries with a well-recognized tradition in the production of olive oils such as Italy (5 labs in Abruzzo, Lazio, Liguria, Sicily and Veneto regions), Spain (2 labs), and Greece (1 lab). A Slovenian lab was also included as a reference for the Eastern countries.
Chemical analyses included the determination of free acidity, peroxide index, UV spectrophotometric evaluation (K 232, K 270, ΔK), fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and stigmadiens content. Stigmadiens content, a parameter closely related to the presence of refined oils rather than a quality marker, was also considered as genuineness index. All the analyses were carried out according to the EEC Regulation 2568/91 (Annex II, III, IX, XVII, XX). For the determination of free acidity and peroxide index, the Slovenian lab used IOC method (ISO 660:2009 and ISO 3960:2010, respectively).
According to the official method (EEC Regulation 2568/91, Annex XII), in each IOC lab, organoleptic evaluations were carried out by a group of 8-12 professional tasters trained to recognize, describe and quantify basic taste and odour properties. Olive oils were described through positive ("fruity", "bitter" and "pungent") and negative (for instance "rancid", "fusty", "musty" and "winey") attributes.
Quality grade classifications of olive oils purchased in Italy and in USA were determined by our laboratory according to EEC Regulation 2568/91.

Results and discussion
Chemical analysis results regarding olive oils from Italy and USA are reported in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
Quality grade classifications of olive oils purchased in Italy and in USA, reported in Tables 3 and 4, respectively, were determined according to EEC Regulation 2568/91 and will be discussed separately. Defects detected by panel test of olive oils purchased in Italy and Miami are reported in Additional files 2: Tables S2 and 3: Table S3, respectively, whereas positive attributes are reported in Additional file 4: Table S4. Classification percentages of the olive oils purchased in Italy and in USA are reported in Additional files 5: Tables S5 and 6: Table S6, respectively.

Samples purchased in Italy
In the case of olive oils purchased in Italy, samples turned out to be EVOOs or virgin olive oils from the chemical point of view (Tables 1, 3 and Additional file 5:  [10,11]: fatty acid ethyl esters are the products of the trans-esterification reaction between fatty acids and ethanol produced by bacteria fermentation that occurs when olives are of poor quality. Because of this narrow relationship between olive oil quality and FAEE content, the threshold for FAEE content in EVOOs has been decreased along the time, from 40 mg/kg in 2013/2014 harvest year down to 35 mg/kg in 2014/2015. Although this limit has been further reduced to ≤30 mg/kg in 2015, it has been set again to 35 mg/kg [12,13] on July 2016 by IOC and on September 2016 by EEC. It is interesting to note, see Table 1, that the FAEE content was reported by different IOC labs with or without uncertainty. For instance, IOC lab located in Veneto (Italy) never provided the uncertainty related to FAEE measurement. Sample O i 4 with a FAEE content of 39.7 mg/kg reported without any uncertainty has to be classified as virgin olive oil, whereas O i 1 with a FAEE content of 28 mg/kg has to be classified as extra    of 35 mg/kg, whereas the other olive oils exhibit a FAEE content which is slightly less or higher than the threshold value. The strict connection between FAEE content and the positive attributes by organoleptic evaluation of an olive oil has been previously reported [10,14]. Therefore, all the obtained results seem to suggest that only in the case of olive oils with extremely "good" chemical analyses, including a low FAEE content (neither borderline nor higher than the threshold value), the organoleptic evaluation can be reproducible.

Samples purchased in USA
Olive oils purchased in Miami (USA) were judged, see Tables 2 and 4 and Additional file 6: Table S6

Table 3 Olive oils purchased in Italy: commercial categories as determined according to EEC Regulation 2568/91
Extra extra virgin olive oil, Virgin virgin olive oil, Lampante lampante olive oil  Again, this disagreement of sensory evaluation can be related to some borderline value in the chemical parameters. It is interesting to note that the only two samples, O u 6 and O u 8, judged EVOOs by the chemical analysis, with a slightly less FAEE content than the threshold value were classified as EVOOs or virgin olive oils by the organoleptic evaluation. A similar case is also represented by the sample O u 1 which, through chemical analyses, was judged EVOO in three cases out of five with a borderline FAEE content, whereas, through organoleptic evaluation, it was classified as EVOO, virgin olive oil or even lampante olive oil.

Conclusions
The results reported in this paper highlight some important aspects to be considered in the olive oil commercial classification.
First of all, the non-uniform way to report the FAEE content with or without uncertainty can create confusion in the quality grade classification, especially in case of borderline values of FAEE content. It is important to underline that the EEC Regulation 2568/91 does not give any indication on the way to report the uncertainty of the results.
Our data analysis underlines that it is crucial to find out what causes the variability of judgement in the organoleptic evaluation. Sensory panel test seems to work well in the case of extremely good olive oils, whereas in the case of common commercial EVOOs can give discordant results. A different sensory sensibility seems to be present in the different IOC panel labs, especially in case of EVOOs characterized by a FAEE content very close to the threshold. For a given olive oil, the question to be or not to be classified as EVOO becomes a question strictly linked to the lab.
In our opinion, organoleptic evaluation is extremely important for a global picture of the sensory properties of olive oil and it is particularly precious and not replaceable with other analysis to give add values to PDO or other peculiar EVOOs. On the other hand, this analysis seems to be not enough reproducible in the case of common commercial EVOOs probably due to different sensory sensibility in the different IOC panel labs and therefore it is not suitable for a legally accepted official evaluation.