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Table 6 Influence of biostimulants on concentrations of ABA, proline, total phenol, soluble carbohydrate and soluble protein of grapevine leaves cv. ‘Yaghouti’ under WW and DS conditions

From: Biostimulant-induced drought tolerance in grapevine is associated with physiological and biochemical changes

Irrigation regimes

Biostimulants

ABA concentration (nmol g FW−1)

Proline (μmol g FW−1)

Total phenol (mg g FW−1)

Soluble carbohydrates (mg g FW −1)

Soluble proteins (mg g FW−1)

WW

CON

18.32 ± 0.54 d

1.24 ± 0.08 e

3.31 ± 0.03 e

26.26 ± 0.83 f

4.44 ± 0.26 d

AA

18.20 ± 0.87 d

1.88 ± 0.10 d

4.91 ± 0.11 d

37.76 ± 1.56 de

5.85 ± 0.18 ab

HA

18.26 ± 0.51 d

1.74 ± 0.11 d

4.63 ± 0.41 d

35.90 ± 0.62 e

5.35 ± 0.20 c

FA

18.26 ± 0.53 d

1.72 ± 0.12 d

4.67 ± 0.15 d

36.60 ± 0.45 e

5.47 ± 0.20 bc

SE

17.85 ± 0.37 d

1.83 ± 0.13 d

4.87 ± 0.15 d

37.06 ± 0.92 e

5.99 ± 0.10 a

DS

CON

35.36 ± 1.51 c

3.62 ± 0.10 c

6.62 ± 0.10 c

39.66 ± 1.52 d

2.36 ± 0.04 f

AA

38.06 ± 2.00 b

3.80 ± 0.15 b

6.84 ± 0.04 bc

49.03 ± 1.95 b

3.65 ± 0.47 e

HA

36.46 ± 1.50 bc

3.86 ± 0.17 b

6.89 ± 0.13 bc

46.56 ± 1.20 c

3.33 ± 0.13 e

FA

36.06 ± 0.90 c

3.94 ± 0.16 b

6.93 ± 0.12 b

46.53 ± 0.83 c

3.34 ± 0.17 e

SE

40.30 ± 0.70 a

4.29 ± 0.19 a

7.37 ± 0.16 a

51.46 ± 1.92 a

3.45 ± 0.30 e

Significance

     

Irrigation regime

**

**

*

**

**

Biostimulants

**

**

**

**

**

Irrigation regime × biostimulants

**

**

**

**

*

  1. Mean values followed by the similar letters within a column are not significantly different from each other at P ≤ 0.05 (Duncan’s multiple range test). * and ** are significant at P ≤ 0.05 and at P ≤ 0.01, respectively. Values are means of three replicates ± SD