Table 1 The polysaccharides isolated from the root of A. sinensis

1

ASP

3.2 × 10³

Man, Rha, GlcA, Gal, Ara, Xyl in the ratio of 0.23:

0.17:14.41:0.39:1.68:0.87

Pyranose form

Lipid-lowering

effect

Involvement in lipid metabolism

[41]

2

ASP-24

1.25 × 10³

Man, Rha, GalA, Glc, Gal, Ara in the ratio of 0.51: 6.48:22.13:26.99:25.14:18.75

α-pyranose and β-pyranose residues

Antioxidant

DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity; reducing power activity

[23]

3

APS-1II

4.21 × 10⁴

Ara, Glc, Fuc in the ratio of 2.48:1.05:1.00

Backbone composed of 1,3-α-L-Araf and 1,6-α-D-Glcp. Branches composed of 1,5-α-L-Araf, 1,4-β-D-Glcp, T-β-D-Glcp, 1,3-α- L-Fucp and T-α-L-Fucp

Anti-leukemia activity

Immunomodulatory

Promoting splenocytes proliferation, and enhancing macrophages phagocytic activity

[27]

4

ASP

8.0 × 10⁴

GlcA, Glc, Ara, Gal in the ratio of 1.00:1.70:1.85:

5.02

Backbone composed of (1 → 3)-linked Galp, (1 → 6)-linked Galp and 2-OMe-(1 → 6)-linked Galp. Branches composed of O-3 of 2-OMe-(1 → 6)-linked Galp, terminated with GlcpA and Araf

Hematopoietic activity

Inhibiting NF-κB p65 activation via the IκB kinases-IκBα pathway

[35, 61]

5

Hepatoprotective activity

Alleviating liver injury via an increase in GSH levels

[35, 62]

6

ASP

8.09 × 10⁴

Ara, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 1:1:1.75

Antitumor

Participating in the control of iron metabolism

[22]

7

ASP

7.29 × 10⁴

Ara, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 1:2.5:7.5

Hematopoietic activity

Action of JAK, SMAD and ERK signal pathways

[18]

8

Hypoglycemic

Hepatoprotective

Amelioration of insulin resistance

[65]

9

ASP-1a

4.90 × 10⁴

Ara, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 37.67:14.98:57.34

Main structure:1,4-Galp, T-Araf, 1,3,6-Galp,1,3,5-Araf, 1,6-Galp, 1,4-Glcp

Hematopoietic activity

Increasing immune cells

[43]

10

ASP-3a

6.54 × 10⁴

Ara, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 6.5:8.96:84.54

Main structure:1,4-Galp, 1,3,6-Galp,1,6-Galp, T-Galp

Hematopoietic activity

Increasing immune cells

11

ASP3

Rha, Ara, Man, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 1.9:10.5:0.4:

0.9:24.9

Backbone composed of homogalacturonan fragments and rhamnogalacturonan fragments. Side chains mainly composed of β-1,6- and

β-1,4-galactopyranan and α-1,5-arabinofuranan

[36]

12

ASDII-3–3

4.4 × 10⁴

Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal in the ratio of 0.3:1.0: 0.1: 0.2:5.0

Backbone composed of (1 → 2)-linked-Rha and (1 → 4)-linked-Gal. Branches composed of (1 → 5)-linked-Ara terminated with Ara residues, and(1 → 4)-linked-Xyl terminated with Man residues

[50]

13

APS-1cI

1.7 × 10⁵

Glc

Linear α-glucan composed of only (1 → 6)-α-D-Glc

[53]

14

APS-1cII

3.9 × 10⁴

Glc

(1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp and (1 → 6)-α-D-Glcp in a molar ratio of 4:1

[54]

15

APS-1d

5.1 × 10³

Glc, Ara in the ratio of 13.8:1

Backbone composed of 1,4-α-D-Glcp, with

Branches attached to O-6 of some residues

Branches composed of 1,6-α-D-Glcp residues, terminated with β-L-Araf residues

Antitumor

Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation

[38]

16

XC-1

1.0 × 10⁵

Glc

α-(1 → 6)-glucan

Immunomodulating

[52]

17

As-IIIa

8.5 × 10⁴

Glc

α-(1 → 3)-glucan

[51]

18

As-IIIb

4.9 × 10⁴

Glc, Man, Ara in the ratio of 10.0:10.0:4.0

Heteropolysaccharide with (1 → 4), (1 → 6)

glycosidic bond

19

W-ASP3

9.48 × 10⁴

Rha, Ara, Man, Glc, Gal in the ratio of 1.87:10.05:

0.37:0.94:24.93

Main structure: α-D-GalpA, β-D-Galp, α-L- Araf, α-L-Rhap, 1,4-D-GalpA, 1,2,4-L- Araf

Radioprotection

Scavenging free radical

[3]

20

P1

4.12 × 10⁵

Glc, Gal, Xyl in the ratio of 18:1:3

Main structure:1,3,6-Glcp,1,3-Glcp, 1,3-Xylp, 1,3-Galp

Immunomodulation

[5]

21

P2

2.34 × 10⁵

GlcA, Glc, Gal, Xyl in the ratio of 7.00:7.98: 2.00: 3.01

Main structure: 1,3-GlcAp, 1,3,6-Glcp,1,3-Glcp,1,3-Xylp, 1,3-Galp

Immunomodulation

22

P3

1.94 × 10⁵

Glc, Xyl in the ratio of 27.94:1.00

Main structure: 1,3,6-Glcp,1,6-Glcp,1,4-Glcp, 1,3-Glcp

Immunomodulation

23

SASP

8.08 × 10⁴

Glc, GlcA, Gal, Ara in the ratio of 1.7:1.0:5.02:1.85

Main structure: (1 → 3)-linked Galp, (1 → 6)-linked Galp, 2-OMe-(1 → 6)-linked Galp

Hematopoietic activity

[47]

24

JASP-1A

8.62 × 10⁵

Rha, Gal, Ara in the ratio of 1:4.55:4.92

Main structure: 1,4-linked Galp, 1,3-linked Rha, 1,4-linked Galp, T-Araf

Hematopoietic activity

25

ASP1

1.22 × 10⁵

Ara, Rha, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 1:4:10:30

Main structure: 1,4-linked Galp,1,6-linked Galp,1,4-linked Glcp,1,6-linked Glcp

Antitumor

Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation

[46]

26

ASP2

1.72 × 10⁵

Ara, Rha, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 1:2.5:1:5

Main structure: 1,4-linked Arap,1,6-linked Arap,1,4-linked Glcp,1,6-linked Glcp

Antitumor

Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation

27

ASP3

8.09 × 10⁴

Ara, Rha, Gal, Glc in the ratio of 1:2:2:3.5

Main structure: 1,4-linked Galp,1,6-linked Galp,1,4-linked Glcp,1,6-linked Glcp

Antitumor

Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation