Table 1 Characterization of the different viticultural management practices (integrated, organic and biodynamic) used within the experimental trial (taken from [25])
Integrated | Organic | Biodynamic | |
|---|---|---|---|
Perennial cover crops Annual cover crops | Grass mixture Rye + vetch | Diverse cover crop mixture (Wolff Mixture) Diverse cover crop mixtures | |
Under vine management | Herbicides | Mechanical | |
Fertilization | Compost + mineral + legumes from annual cover crops | Compost + legumes from perennial and annual cover crops | |
Plant protection | Organic fungicides | Copper (max 3 kg/ha and year), sulfur, plant strengtheners | |
Biodynamic preparations | Horn manure, horn silica, compost preparations | ||