Insight into the key limiting factors affecting anaerobic fermentation quality and bacterial community of sweet sorghum by irradiation sterilization and microbiota transplant

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 1 The phyllosphere characteristics of fresh sweet sorghum

Developmental stage	Heading		Hard dough		P-value
Item and treatment	G₁	C₁	G₂	C₂	γ	D	γ × G
pH	5.64^A	5.60^A	5.23^B	5.21^B	0.403	< 0.001	0.822
Dry matter (g/kg FW)	192^B	189^B	319^A	315^A	0.629	< 0.001	0.914
Water soluble carbohydrates (g/kg DM)	156^B	159^B	284^A	288^A	0.463	< 0.001	0.917
Buffering capacity (mEq/kg DM)	73.4^A	71.2^A	50.9^B	49.1^B	0.575	< 0.001	0.964
Neutral detergent fiber (g/kg DM)	492^B	486^B	553^A	548^A	0.290	< 0.001	0.974
Acid detergent fiber (g/kg DM)	255^B	251^B	295^A	288^A	0.336	< 0.001	0.821
Crude protein (g/kg DM)	76.8^A	75.3^A	51.3^B	50.8^B	0.781	< 0.001	0.888
Lactic acid bacteria (Log₁₀ cfu/g FW)	6.07^B	ND^C	8.59^A	ND^C	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Aerobic bacteria (Log₁₀ cfu/g FW)	7.64^B	ND^C	8.57^A	ND^C	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Yeasts (Log₁₀ cfu/g FW)	6.32^B	ND^C	7.86^A	ND^C	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Moulds (Log₁₀ cfu/g FW)	5.09^B	ND^C	6.00^A	ND^C	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Enterobacteria (Log₁₀ cfu/g FW)	6.46^B	ND^C	8.67^A	ND^C	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

^A^−CMeans with different uppercase in the same row differ at P < 0.05
FW: fresh weight; DM: dry matter; cfu: colony-forming units. G₁: fresh sweet sorghum harvested at the heading stage; G₂: fresh sweet sorghum harvested at the hard dough stage; C₁: irradiated sweet sorghum harvested at the heading stage; C₂: irradiated sweet sorghum harvested at the hard dough stage. γ: the effect of irradiation, with vs. without; D: the effect of developmental stage, heading stage vs. hard dough stage; γ × D: the interaction between irradiation and developmental stage