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Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
Fig. 8 | Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Fig. 8

From: Companion crops alter olfactory responses of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and its larval endoparasitoid (Cotesia icipe)

Fig. 8

Behavioural response of Cotesia icipe females to constitutive volatiles from maize (alone) and maize combined with greenleaf desmodium (GLD), sweet potato (SP), beans, cassava, groundnut (Gnut), silverleaf desmodium (SLD), and solvent control in a four-arm olfactometer. Time spent by each parasitoid was observed for 12 min (N = 12). Means (± SE) with similar letter (s) above the bars are not significantly different. *ns no significance difference

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