Companion crops alter olfactory responses of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and its larval endoparasitoid (Cotesia icipe)

Peter, Emmanuel; Tamiru, Amanuel; Sevgan, Subramanian; Dubois, Thomas; Kelemu, Segenet; Kruger, Kerstin; Torto, Baldwyn; Yusuf, Abdullahi

doi:10.1186/s40538-023-00415-6

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 1 Mean amount (ng/plant/h) of volatile organic compounds (VOcs) identified in the headspace collections of intact test plants (n = 4)

From: Companion crops alter olfactory responses of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and its larval endoparasitoid (Cotesia icipe)

No	RT(Min)	Compound¹	RI_alk²	RI_L³	Maize	Millet	Sweet potato	Groundnut	Cassava	SLD	GLD	Beans	P value⁴
1	8.05	(E)-2-Hexenal*	861	856	nd	nd	nd	nd	21.84 ± 0.49^b	26.48 ± 0.32^a	nd	nd	0.02
2	8.12	(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol*	863	860	26.3 ± 1.28^bc	nd	27.4 ± 4.24^bc	26.6 ± 2.1^bc	23.66 ± 1.07^c	57.62 ± 12.14^a	36.7 ± 3.12^ab	nd	0.01
3	8.93	2-Heptanone*	894	895	24.99 ± 2.62	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
4	9.16	2-Heptanol*	904	903	23.93 ± 1.44	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
5	9.82	α-Pinene*	935	934	24.44 ± 2.44	26.98 ± 3.83	27.04 ± 1.69	23.09 ± 0.31	22.09 ± 0.41	27.22 ± 1.9	30.82 ± 9.03	19.88 ± 2.07	0.14
6	10.67	Sabinene	975	974	nd	22.18 ± 0.4	23.23 ± 1.82	22.06 ± 0.11	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.19
7	10.71	β-Pinene*	977	978	nd	21.32 ± 0.15^ab	23.75 ± 0.85^a	21.17 ± 0.13^ab	nd	nd	nd	18.36 ± 1.57^b	0.005
8	10.82	1-Octen-3-ol*	982	981	nd	nd	nd	25.29 ± 1.61	nd	37.43 ± 8.79	35.02 ± 9.97	nd	0.47
9	10.98	3-Octanone	989	984	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	33.86 ± 8.74	nd	–
10	11.01	2,3-Dehydro-1,8-cineole	991	986	nd	22.38 ± 0.84	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
11	11.03	β-Myrcene*	992	992	22.81 ± 0.37	nd	23.47 ± 0.36	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.11
12	11.29	α-Phellandrene	1005	1005	nd	21.68 ± 0.3	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
13	11.36	(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate	1009	1007	26.67 ± 2.9	nd	nd	60.68 ± 8.87	nd	nd	32.54 ± 12.07	nd	0.08
14	11.66	ρ-Cymene*	1026	1020	nd	nd	nd	24.19 ± 0.95	21.92 ± 0.38	nd	nd	nd	0.20
15	11.73	Limonene*	1029	1030	31.33 ± 6.6	21.38 ± 0.32	41.04 ± 5.66	25.06 ± 0.18	21.8 ± 0.32	nd	38.27 ± 16.09	27.66 ± 4.12	0.12
16	11.76	β-Phellandrene*	1031	1032	nd	24.55 ± 2.92	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
17	11.78	1,8-Cineole	1032	1036	nd	22.04 ± 0.34	nd	25.58 ± 1.27	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.20
18	12.09	(E)-β-Ocimene*	1050	1050	nd	27.86 ± 6.43^b	23.9 ± 1.39^b	47.66 ± 3.62^ab	38.97 ± 9.81^ab	202.5 ± 35.81^a	153.08 ± 28.67^a	nd	0.002
19	12.80	Terpinolene*	1089	1090	nd	nd	21.08 ± 0.12	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
20	12.99	Linalool*	1101	1101	30.01 ± 5.76	23.17 ± 1.51	nd	25.39 ± 2.76	nd	41.77 ± 4.23	nd	nd	0.06
21	13.26	DMNT	1117	1116	40.01 ± 8.06^ab	26.48 ± 2.21^b	36.91 ± 5.27^ab	68.24 ± 6.19^a	nd	97.8 ± 21.61^a	57.79 ± 7.25^a	nd	0.01
22	13.77	Camphor	1148	1146	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	45.26 ± 8.37	–
23	14.62	Methyl salicylate*	1202	1199	nd	nd	nd	51.38 ± 10.79	nd	nd	23.2 ± 9.37	nd	0.11
24	15.93	Lavandulyl acetate	1293	1289	33.11 ± 4.58	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
25	16.85	α-Longipinene	1360	1352	nd	nd	nd	nd	21.81 ± 0.58	nd	nd	nd	–
26	17.07	Cyclosativene	1377	1369	55.25 ± 8.02	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
27	17.15	Longicyclene	1382	1376	nd	nd	nd	nd	40.8 ± 5.4	nd	nd	nd	–
28	17.16	α-Ylangene	1383	1382	nd	27.33 ± 1.51	23.61 ± 2.61	nd	nd	nd	17.73 ± 2.21	nd	0.14
29	17.17	α-Copaene	1384	1384	67.27 ± 10.88^a	nd	22.77 ± 0.78^b	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.02
30	17.37	β-Elemene*	1398	1397	28.84 ± 5.63	nd	35.99 ± 2.89	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.34
31	17.64	Longifolene	1419	1406	nd	nd	nd	nd	26.67 ± 0.95^a	nd	nd	16.87 ± 1.17^b	0.02
32	17.73	α-Cedrene	1426	1424	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	15.93 ± 0.68	–
33	17.80	(E)-β-Caryophyllene*	1432	1430	83.37 ± 4.68^a	25.29 ± 3.52^b	79.22 ± 26.07^a	nd	29.97 ± 2.92^b	81.34 ± 11.8^a	89.04 ± 10.01^a	nd	0.01
34	17.92	(E)-α-Bergamotene	1442	1451	25.35 ± 2.22	nd	34.38 ± 2.44	28.96 ± 4.86	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.19
35	18.22	α-Humulene*	1466	1465	32.04 ± 3.2	27.32 ± 6.24	30.78 ± 3.55	nd	22.47 ± 1.11	24.02 ± 1.44	21.81 ± 0.58	20.61 ± 2.93	0.10
36	18.31	β-Chemigrene	1473	1476	nd	nd	22.67 ± 0.84	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
37	18.34	β-Selinene	1475	1475	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	30.59 ± 7.45	nd	nd	–
38	18.39	γ-Gurjunene	1479	1477	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	26.59 ± 4.82	nd	–
39	18.58	Germacrene D	1494	1490	39.91 ± 8.55	25.79 ± 4.55	48.35 ± 6.04	nd	26.37 ± 3.28	nd	nd	nd	0.07
40	18.62	α-Selinene	1498	1498	nd	nd	34.81 ± 1.48	nd	nd	33.14 ± 9.79	nd	nd	0.34
41	18.79	Isodaucene	1512	1500	nd	nd	42.95 ± 8.09	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
42	18.82	α-Muurolene	1514	1502	25.22 ± 3.93	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
43	18.96	γ-Cadinene	1525	1513	23.21 ± 1.15^b	66.11 ± 4.61^a	nd	24.41 ± 0.82^b	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.02
44	19.09	δ-Cadinene	1536	1525	46.66 ± 9.97	32.47 ± 11.07	33.19 ± 1.33	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.27
45	19.52	unknown	1574	–	38.34 ± 7.28	24.75 ± 2.77	27.42 ± 2.55	35.43 ± 5.59	nd	nd	29.73 ± 5.48	nd	0.46
46	19.67	TMTT	1585	1584	nd	nd	58.54 ± 8.03^ab	35.51 ± 5.18^b	nd	nd	61.6 ± 2.58^a	nd	0.01
47	19.84	Caryophyllene oxide	1599	1588	nd	nd	39.34 ± 8.61	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	–
48	20.12	Epi-cedrol	1623	1625	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	17.91 ± 2.09	–

¹Tentative identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was done by comparing their mass spectra with those from the authentic standards where available, mass spectra databases (Adams2, Chemecol and NIST11) and the online NIST Chemistry Webbook as well as retention index (KI). *Indicates compounds confirmed with authentic standards
²Retention index relative to C₈–C₂₃ n-alkanes on HP-5MS capillary column
³Retention index obtained from literature [36]
⁴P value of non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis and two sample Wilcoxon tests for comparing amounts of volatile organic compounds between the test plants. Means (± SE) with different superscript letter(s) within the rows are significantly different (P < 0.05)
nd not detected, SLD Silverleaf desmodum, GLD Greenleaf desmodium, DMNT (E)-4,8-Dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, TMTT (E, E)-4,8,12-Trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene

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