Table 3 Polysaccharides isolated from Momordica charantia
No. | Compound name | Monosaccharide compositions | Molecular weight (kDa) | Possible structures | Bioactive activities | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CCPS | Gal and GalA in a molar ratio of 1:4 | NA | α-Anomers and β-anomers/α-glycosidic and β-glycosidic linkages with substantive glucuronic acid residues | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and improve reproductive ability | [22] |
2 | MCBP | Man, GalA, Rha, Glc, Gal, Xyl, Ara in a molar ratio of 0.01:0.15:0.02:0.38:0.31:0.05:0.09 | 91.919 | NA | Antioxidant, α-amylase inhibition and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition | [24] |
3 | BPS-H | Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, Man, GalA in a molar ratio of 1.4:5.7:2.7:1.0:1.2:1.1 | 235 | β-Glycosidic bonds are the main bond type | Antioxidant activity, α-amylase inhibitory activity and bile acid-binding capacity | [27] |
4 | BPS-F | Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, Man, GlcA, GalA in a molar ratio of 1.6:1.6:2.1:2.5:1.6:1.7:1.0 | 848 | β-Glycosidic bonds are the main bond type | Antioxidant activity, α-amylase inhibitory activity and bile acid-binding capacity | [27] |
5 | BPS-I | Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, Man, GalA in a molar ratio of 1.9:6.1:2.1:1.0:1.0:1.9 | 406 | β-Glycosidic bonds are the main bond type | Antioxidant activity, α-amylase inhibitory activity and bile acid-binding capacity | [27] |
6 | BPS-J | Ara, Xyl, Gal, Glc, Man, GalA in a molar ratio of 9.6:17.8:19.1:17.4:8.2:1.0 | 243.1 | NA | Antioxidant activity, α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities | [35] |
7 | BPS-W | Ara, Xyl, Gal, Glc, Man, GalA in a molar ratio of 2.0:2.2:13.0:2.2:1.0:1.7 | 391.1 | NA | Antioxidant activity, α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities | [35] |
8 | BPS-C | Ara, Xyl, Gal, Glc, Man, GalA in a molar ratio of 8.2:32.3:20.2:20.4:4.0:1.0 | 304.2 | NA | Antioxidant activity, α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities | [35] |
9 | BPS-A | Ara, Xyl, Gal, Glc and GalA in a molar ratio of 3.1:6.1:20.2:1.4:1.0 | 56.7 | NA | Antioxidant activity, α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities | [35] |
10 | MCP | Ara, Xyl, Gal and Rha in a molar ratio of 1.00:1.12:4.07:1.79 | 85–100 | NA | Anti-diabetic | [39] |
11 | MCPS1 | NA | 7.07 | NA | Antioxidant activity | [40] |
12 | MCPS2 | NA | 6.76 | NA | Antioxidant activity | [40] |
13 | MCPS3 | NA | 6.29 | NA | Antioxidant activity | [40] |
14 | MCPS4 | NA | 5.42 | NA | Antioxidant activity | [40] |
15 | MCPS5 | NA | 4.33 | NA | Antioxidant activity | [40] |
16 | MCP2s-1 | NA | 9.3 | NA | Anti-tumour activity | [41] |
17 | MCP2s-2 | NA | 8.1 | NA | Anti-tumour activity | [41] |
18 | MCP2s-3 | NA | 7.8 | NA | Anti-tumour activity | [41] |
19 | MCP2s-4 | NA | 7.2 | NA | Anti-tumour activity | [41] |
20 | MCPIIa | Rha, GalA, Gal, Xyl, Ara in a molar ratio of 12:3.05:19.89:5.95:56 | 13.029 | Attached to numerous arabinuronic acid, glucuronic acid and xylopyranosyl residues via β-glycosidic bonds | Anti-diabetic | [42] |
21 | MCP1 | Rib, Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, Gal in a molar ratio of 1.00:6.33:9.07:3.78:4.71:27.28:19.58 | 85.5 | Mainly comprised d-glucosyl residues in the pyranose form, α- and β-types were simultaneously present | Immunomodulatory activity | [43] |
22 | MCP2 | Rib, Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc Gal in a molar ratio of 1.86:1.00:8.92:9.62:34.18:44.20:23.61 | 441 | Mainly comprised d-glucosyl residues in the pyranose form, α- and β-types were simultaneously present | Immunomodulatory activity | [43] |
23 | MCPIIa | Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, GalA:GlcA:Gal:Fuc in a molar ratio of 12:56:5.95:0.6:31.22:3.05:0.04:19.89:1.1 | 10.3 | NA | Antidiabetic activity | [50] |
24 | Se-MCPIIa-1 | Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, GalA, GlaA, Gal, Fuc in a molar ratio of 5.81:76.2:2.09:1.94:3.29:1.53:1.55:6.81:0.98 | 40.3 | NA | Antidiabetic activity | [50] |
25 | PS | Gal and methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of nearly 1:4 | 200 | [→4)-α-d-GalpA6Me-(1]3→4)-α-d-GalpA6Me-(1→ | Immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity | [53] |
26 | MCP | GalA, Rha, Xyl, Man, Glc and Gal in the molar ratio of 93.7:0.06:0.18:0.03:0.8:0.28% | NA | NA | Antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effect | [72] |
27 | MCPII-a | Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Glc, Gal, Xyl, Ara and Fuc in the molar ratio of 1.94:5.81:1.55:1.53:3.29:6.81:2.09:76.02:0.98 | 13.029 | NA | Antidiabetic activity | [86] |
28 | MCPIIa | Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, Gal, Fuc in a molar ratio of 15.7:23.6:11.9:4.6:31.22:12:1.1 | 13 | NA | Antidiabetic activity and antioxidant activity | [88] |
29 | MCPIIaC | Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, D-Gal, Fuc in a molar ratio of 3.4:12.8:4.5:3.8:15.2:59.1:0.98 | 83 | NA | Antidiabetic activity and antioxidant activity | [88] |
30 | FP | Gal (34.99%), Glc (10.48%), GalA (54.53%) | NA | NA | Antidiabetic activity | [90] |
31 | NFP | Gal (29.71%), Glc (14.24%), Man (1.85%), GalA (54.20%) | NA | NA | Antidiabetic activity | [90] |
32 | MP1 | Ara (43.40 ± 0.28%), Gal (41.49 ± 0.34%), Xyl (15.06 ± 0.25%), Rha (9.32 ± 0.32%) | 38 | NA | Gelling agent | [98] |
32 | MP2 | Ara (31.2 ± 0.28%), Gal (24.56 ± 0.34%), Xyl (8.15 ± 0.25%), Rha (6.20 ± 0.32%) | 52 | NA | Gelling agent | [98] |