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Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
Fig. 1 | Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Fig. 1

From: Optimizing ethyl formate fumigation in greenhouse cucurbit crops for efficient control of major agricultural pests, Myzus persicae and Thrips palmi

Fig. 1

Phytotoxic effect screening of ethyl formate (EF) towards three cucurbit crops according to developmental stages. EF fumigation was conducted using 0.275 m3 fumigation chamber in Lab-scale with 5.5% loading ratio (w/v). Phytotoxic index, chlorophyll contents, and chromaticity at 7 days post-fumigation [depending on the target pest, (a) Myzus persicae (EF conc. 5 g/m3, CT value 6.41 g h/m3) (b) Thrips palmi (EF conc. 8 g/m3, CT value 10.14 g h/m3)]. Phytotoxic index = 0 indicates no leaf damage; 1 indicates < 5% leaves affected; 2 indicates 5–25% leaves affected; 3 indicates 25–50% leaves affected; 4 indicates > 50% leaves affected; and 5 indicates > 90%, severe phytotoxicity. Statistical differences were analyzed with Student’s t test between control (CON) and EF (n = 3). ** < 0.01, **** < 0.001, and n.s., not significant

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