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Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
Fig. 3 | Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Fig. 3

From: Optimizing ethyl formate fumigation in greenhouse cucurbit crops for efficient control of major agricultural pests, Myzus persicae and Thrips palmi

Fig. 3

Time-dependent residue evaluation of ethyl formate (EF) on three crop leaves and soil at lab-scale (0.275 m3) experiment. a Experimental scheme with the time point of gas, leaf, and soil sampling. The fumigation conditions were as follow: 8 g/m3 EF for 2 h controlling Thrips palmi at lab scale (0.275 m3). Each batch was conducted in three independent three repetitions, and 1 g of leaf or soil was collected at 0 (immediately), 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h after ventilation. EF residue evaluation was conducted separately (b, c) watermelon, (d, e) zucchini, and (f–g) melon leaf or soil. The limit of detection (LOD) is represented with a dotted line (Additional file 1: Table S1)

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