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Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
Fig. 4 | Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Fig. 4

From: Optimizing ethyl formate fumigation in greenhouse cucurbit crops for efficient control of major agricultural pests, Myzus persicae and Thrips palmi

Fig. 4

Phytotoxic effect of ethyl formate (EF) on the tested crops each at flowering stage under laboratory condition. a Photographs of growing plants after EF fumigation at 7 days post-fumigation (dpf) with a loading ratio (w/v) of 1%. Each CT value was shown in Additional file 1: Table S3. b DAB (3, 3'-diaminobenzidine) staining for localization of production of H2O2 by EF at 0 (immediately) hour post-fumigation. Triangle (▲) indicated an observed phytotoxic effect point. c Chlorophyll contents (SPAD unit) and fresh weight of each group with 20 different points at 21 dpf. Different letters above symbols indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) as determined using a one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test (a > b)

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