Ozonated water soaking improves the flower growth, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compound accumulation in Agastache rugosa

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 1 Growth characteristics of Agastache rugosa under different ozonated water treatments (0, 1, 10, 20, 40, and 80 s at 1 µmol mol⁻¹)

^wOzone soaking time (s)	Leaf length (cm)	Leaf width (cm)	Number of leaves (leaves)	Leaf area (cm²)	Stem length (cm)	Flower fresh weight (g)	Leaf fresh weight (g)	Stem fresh weight (g)	Shoot fresh weight (g)	Root fresh weight (g)	Root length (cm)
0	9.65	8.20	98.17ab	1176.22	44.38a	4.02b	16.47	15.42	35.90ab	13.03	55.08ab
1	9.70	7.73	94.00b	1226.62	41.32b	3.90b	15.18	14.47	33.55b	11.87	47.07b
10	9.28	7.42	102.50ab	1227.74	41.60b	4.12b	14.72	13.28	32.12b	11.82	48.33b
20	9.33	7.83	110.00a	1310.26	41.33b	7.25a	17.17	15.07	39.49a	12.53	50.68ab
40	9.48	8.08	102.17ab	1281.32	41.63b	7.18a	16.73	15.17	39.08a	12.82	52.05ab
80	9.85	8.20	100.50ab	1237.53	40.88b	6.05a	16.78	13.65	36.48ab	14.67	60.80a
Significance^z	NS	NS	NS	NS	**	***	NS	NS	***	NS	*
L^y	NS	*	NS	NS	NS	***	*	NS	*	**	***
Q^x	NS	NS	*	NS	NS	***	*	NS	**	*	***

^wOzone soaking time; NS not significant (p > 0.05); ^zsignificant at *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001; ^yL linear;, ^xQ quadratic in the regression analysis. Values represent the means of six samples (n = 6). Different letters indicate the significant differences among treatments at p < 0.05, as determined using the Tukey’s test