Ozonated water soaking improves the flower growth, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compound accumulation in Agastache rugosa

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 2 Growth characteristics of A. rugosa under different ozonated water treatments (0, 1, 10, 20, 40, and 80 s at 1 µmol mol⁻¹)

^wOzone soaking time (s)	Number of flower branches	Flower dry weight (g)	Leaf dry weight (g)	Stem dry weight (g)	Root dry weight (g)	Shoot dry weight (g)	Specific leaf area (SLA) (cm²/g)	Whole plant dry weight (g)	Leaf area ratio (Cm²/g)	Leaf weight ratio	Flower weight ratio
0	14.67c	0.72c	2.88	2.09	0.98ab	5.70b	411.48	6.68b	176.51	0.43ab	0.11c
1	15.83bc	0.85c	2.88	2.01	0.93b	5.74b	426.68	6.67b	183.85	0.43ab	0.13bc
10	16.17abc	0.88c	3.07	1.85	1.03ab	5.79b	405.54	6.82b	181.51	0.45a	0.13bc
20	20.33ab	1.37ab	2.80	2.04	1.14ab	6.21ab	469.86	7.36ab	178.12	0.38c	0.19a
40	20.83a	1.38a	3.05	2.16	1.13ab	6.59a	426.43	7.72a	166.17	0.39bc	0.18a
80	20.17ab	1.15b	2.83	2.23	1.18a	6.21ab	437.45	7.40ab	167.56	0.38c	0.15ab
Significance^z	***	***	NS	NS	**	**	NS	**	NS	***	***
L^y	**	**	NS	*	***	**	NS	**	*	***	**
Q^x	***	***	NS	NS	***	***	NS	***	*	***	***

^wOzone soaking time; NS not significant (p > 0.05); ^zsignificant at *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001; ^yL linear, ^xQ: quadratic in the regression analysis. Values represent the means of six samples (n = 6). Different letters indicate the significant differences among treatments at p < 0.05, as determined using the Tukey’s test