Ozonated water soaking improves the flower growth, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compound accumulation in Agastache rugosa

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 3 Rosmarinic acid (RA), tilianin, and acacetin concentrations (mg g⁻¹ DW) in the flowers, stems, leaves, and roots of A. rugosa under different ozonated water treatments (0, 1, 10, 20, 40, and 80 s at 1 µmol mol⁻¹)

^wOzone soaking time (s)	RA concentration in plant organs (mg g⁻¹ DW)				Tilianin concentration in plant organs (mg g⁻¹ DW)				Acacetin concentration in plant organs (mg g⁻¹ DW)
^wOzone soaking time (s)	Flowers	Stems	Leaves	Roots	Flowers	Stems	Leaves	Roots	Flowers	Stems	Leaves	Roots
0	3.64b	0.64b	5.24bc	10.45c	6.16bc	1.43a	2.77c	0.15b	1.24c	0.73a	0.57a	ND
1	4.17a	0.82a	5.51b	11.28c	6.15bc	1.29b	3.18ab	0.167b	1.14d	0.51c	0.55a	ND
10	3.61b	0.91a	7.30a	15.84a	5.81c	1.44a	2.79bc	0.35a	1.09d	0.55b	0.29b	ND
20	3.46b	0.54b	2.84e	12.89b	6.73b	1.05c	3.06abc	0.20b	1.92a	0.43d	0.56a	ND
40	3.42b	0.65b	4.16d	15.95a	6.03bc	1.13c	3.30a	0.33a	1.51b	0.45d	0.60a	ND
80	3.79ab	0.63b	4.54 cd	11.14c	7.77a	1.29b	3.15abc	0.21b	2.01a	0.54bc	0.54a	ND
Significance^z	***	***	***	***	***	***	**	***	***	***	***	ND
L^y	NS	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	***	NS	NS	ND
Q^x	**	NS	NS	***	***	**	NS	*	***	**	NS	ND

^wOzone soaking time; NS: not significant (p > 0.05); ^zsignificant at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; ^yL linear, ^xQ quadratic in the regression analysis. Values represent the means of three assays (n = 3). Different letters indicate the significant differences among treatments at p < 0.05, as determined using the Tukey’s test. ND not detected, RA rosmarinic acid, DW dry weight