Ozonated water soaking improves the flower growth, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compound accumulation in Agastache rugosa

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture

Table 4 RA, tilianin, and acacetin contents (mg/plant organs DW) in the flowers, stems, leaves, and roots of A. rugosa under different ozonated water treatments (0, 1, 10, 20, 40, and 80 s at 1 µmol mol⁻¹)

^wOzone soaking time (s)	RA content in plant organs (mg/plant organs DW)				Tilianin content in plant organs (mg/plant organs DW)				Acacetin content in plant organs (mg/plant organs DW)
^wOzone soaking time (s)	Flowers	Stems	Leaves	Roots	Flowers	Stems	Leaves	Roots	Flowers	Stems	Leaves	Roots
0	2.53b	1.28b	14.87b	10.00c	4.28b	2.84a	7.87b	0.14c	0.86c	1.46a	1.61b	ND
1	3.32b	1.61a	15.56b	10.26c	4.90b	2.53ab	8.99b	0.15c	0.91c	1.01c	1.57b	ND
10	3.09b	1.59a	21.59a	16.85a	4.97b	2.52ab	8.24b	0.38a	0.93c	0.96c	0.85c	ND
20	4.71a	1.12b	8.12c	14.81b	9.14a	2.17b	8.75b	0.23bc	2.61a	0.88c	1.61b	ND
40	5.18a	1.42ab	13.40b	18.03a	9.12a	2.47ab	10.65a	0.37a	2.29b	0.98c	1.94a	ND
80	4.60a	1.43ab	12.75b	13.33b	9.43a	2.92a	8.86b	0.25b	2.44ab	1.23b	1.53b	ND
Significance^z	***	**	***	***	***	**	***	***	***	***	***	ND
L^y	**	NS	NS	NS	***	NS	NS	NS	***	NS	NS	ND
Q^x	***	NS	NS	***	***	**	*	**	***	*	NS	ND

^wOzone soaking time; NS not significant (p > 0.05); ^zsignificant at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; ^yL linear; ^xQ quadratic in the regression analysis. Values represent the means of three assays (n = 3). Different letters indicate the significant differences among treatments at p < 0.05, as determined using the Tukey’s test. ND not detected, RA rosmarinic acid, DW dry weight